Section 2

在农业区建造的房屋的最小面积为40英亩,以阻止将农业经营转为低密度住宅用地

Who can implement this: 县市官员、社区、政府组织和农业生产者

爱好农场(划分为农业用地,但主要是住宅用地)的蔓延引起了人们的特别关注, 特指那些不具有农业生产能力的地区)是主要农业地区住宅开发的扩散. 只需要20个5英亩的住宅用地就能减少100英亩的农业用地. 这种极低密度的住宅开发在农业地区的蔓延可能会迅速消耗大面积的生产性农田,并增加城市增长的压力. Moreover, 许多购买这些五英亩土地的人实际上可能更喜欢拥有市政服务的小一点的土地, 但目前的分区实践规定,土地面积不得超过5英亩,这限制了他们的选择.

Establishing 40 acres as the minimum lot size for homebuilding on agricultural lands (unless specific requirements are met) will promote productive agricultural operations and make it more difficult to subdivide agricultural lands into nonproductive hobby farms that have no agricultural output or benefit. 这也将保留对全国农业生产者的保护.

农业经营规模越大,通常越有效,也越容易得到保护和保存. 一旦小型农业用地周围的土地开始开发, 城市和郊区的发展变得更容易扩张, threatening to consume productive farmlands. 目前属于业余农场的土地可以更好地用作更大、更高产的农场的一部分. However, small farms are crucial to the agricultural industry, 特别是对于那些希望在大规模种植前积累经验的初级农民来说. The county needs to carefully evaluate the impacts of its agriculture zoning practices in order to better balance the needs of small-scale farmers with the needs of large-scale operations; for instance, 应该允许将农业用地细分为更小的农场,但防止变成低密度的住宅小区.

Implementation:

  • 市议会和犹他县委员会应该颁布法令,确保在农业用地上建造的房屋的最小地块面积为40英亩 to encourage and protect agricultural production. 在较小的土地上建造的房屋应该满足特定的要求,这些要求不鼓励低密度的开发和非生产性兴趣农场的创建.
  • 市议会和犹他县委员会应该探索鼓励小型爱好农场合并为大型农场的方法 或者确保它们被用于农业生产.
  • 州、县机关应当鼓励农民申请将其土地划为农业保护区 以保护他们的农场,并允许小规模农业经营继续下去.
  • Cities and communities should develop new and expand existing systems and programs that help beginning farmers on small farms move to larger farms when they become more experienced.
  • 非营利组织应该教育非农业土地所有者关于购买5英亩农地的相关问题, 特别是当他们不把土地用于任何形式的农业或牧场时.
  • 城市和县的规划者应该修改分区法规,以确保较小的农场用地主要用于农业. 这一步对于那些可能不需要或无法购买40英亩农田的小众和新手农民来说尤其重要.

Examples:

1000俄勒冈之友发起了一项名为“农业新面貌”的倡议,重点是识别和寻找俄勒冈州常见农业挑战的解决方案. Many of those issues are also applicable to Utah County.[1] 该倡议探讨了包括地块规模、分区和农场管理在内的问题.[2] The process brought together farmers, 谁开始在解决美国农业面临的一些复杂问题上取得进展. 


鼓励开发商集群发展,促进密集发展, 当农场被开发时,保留了大部分的农田

Who can implement this: 县市官员、农业生产者和开发商

城市化和保护农业用地并不一定是相互排斥的. In fact, 明智的发展和增长可以等同于保护犹他县居民所喜爱的开放空间和农业用地. 集群式发展是指在指定土地的一小部分集中进行小规模发展. 集群发展通过地役权保护连续的农田或空地, covenant, or deed restriction.

而一块土地上的总密度保持不变, 整体土地面积减少,以便留出土地作保育用途. Instead of developing 40 one-acre lots on 40 acres of land, for example, 开发商可以保留20英亩用于农业用途,并在剩余的20英亩土地上开发40块半英亩的土地. 允许灵活的批量大小和调整最小批量要求使这种类型的集群成为可能. Noncontiguous clustering is another strategy, 将两块或两块以上的土地集中在一块土地上进行开发, preserving the remaining parcels as farmland or open space.

Farm owners looking to sell some of their land can look into cluster development as a way to cash in on some of the value of their land while still preserving much of the functioning farmland. 如果在一个大的地块上正确地发展集群生长, farming operations can continue despite added development.

Implementation:

  • 个别市议会和犹他县委员会应该鼓励(甚至要求)集群发展 when accepting subdivision plats. If necessary, 城市还应该提供密度奖励,以鼓励开发商采用集群模式.[1]
  • 城市立法者和规划者应该探索城市集群发展的好处. Preserving open space and encouraging compact development through annexation and zoning allows cities to preserve their natural resources while retaining the tax revenues and other social and economic benefits of urban growth.
  • 开发商应该创建紧凑型社区,尽可能保留农业用地和开放空间. The benefits of clustering growth are self-evident for developers; houses near large amounts of open space are almost always worth more than houses that are not.[2]

Examples:

十大彩票平台的法明顿市有专门的集群发展条例. The ordinance focuses on conserving land, preserving contiguous tracts of land, reducing erosion, 保护现有斜坡和自然区域的植被.[3]

为了减少空地和农业用地的流失, 2013年,新泽西州通过了一项法律,赋予市政当局促进集群发展的权力. 该法律允许市政当局向促进非连续集群的土地所有者和开发商提供利益. This law, as well as others, 有助于降低基础设施的建设成本,并鼓励更有效地使用纳税人的钱.[4]


发展紧凑型基础设施,鼓励在已有服务的地区而非偏远地区发展土地

Who can implement this: State, county, and city officials; advocacy organizations; and developers

创建和维护新的基础设施(道路、水管、管道、电线等).)对于城市和开发商来说,在建设新的住房开发项目时,成本可能会很高, 特别是当这些开发项目远离现有道路时, sewage, and power systems.[1] The corridors that have to be built to connect existing infrastructure to new developments inevitably results in additional development occurring along the entirety of the corridor, often consuming open space and agricultural lands. 维护和扩大城市地区现有的基础设施往往比在外部地区为昂贵的扩建提供资金要便宜. As a result, 对于开发商来说,建筑开发的成本会降低,这可能会使十大彩票平台的住房存量大幅降低.[2]

在欠发达地区扩大基础设施会鼓励进一步发展, especially given the pressures of population growth. 这种额外的开发往往会破坏连续的农田,并通过封闭运河增加农业基础设施的成本和复杂性, making maintaining easements more difficult, among other negative impacts. 如果社区希望农业用地继续用于农业, 立法者和规划者必须谨慎管理城市基础设施的扩张,包括道路, water pipes, sewer lines, and power lines—into these areas, 同时仍然允许足够的扩张以满足市场需求. 在不鼓励住宅或商业开发的情况下提供充足的农业用水的一个战略是建设二次水基础设施. 二次水满足农业灌溉需要,但不能饮用, 这意味着开发商需要建造更昂贵的基础设施,才能将土地变成住宅区.

Implementation:

  • 开发商和城市应该制定和实施基础设施规划,并制定符合城乡需求的政策和标准. These plans may include measures, for example, 这限制了新基础设施的数量,或使开发远离用于农业灌溉的运河.
  • 开发商和城市应保护现有的农业基础设施资产,并在规划基础设施时考虑农业影响. Infrastructure for water and machinery access is crucial to farming operations and should be available without being unduly encumbered by residential and commercial development.
  • 各个市议会和犹他县委员会应该制定规章制度,鼓励在现有基础设施附近进行开发 rather than in places that disrupt farming operations. 当需要城市发展时,应该首先开发城市内和城市附近的地区. 以最大限度地减少跨越式发展,其中农场和城市发展混合, 基础设施计划应该明确,并平衡扩大供水等服务的需求, sewer, and roads with protecting landowners’ rights. Infrastructure investment should also be properly staged to help landowners understand when services might be extended to their lands and that it may take time for urban amenities to be built in some areas if at all.
  • 立法者和规划者应该将土地使用决策与地方和区域的长期规划联系起来 to better coordinate all infrastructural improvements. Better coordinating the visions and goals of stakeholders and lawmakers at all levels will help ensure infrastructure is developed efficiently and reduce unnecessary costs and construction.

Examples:

Placer County, California, 使用等效住宅单元(edu)来模拟不同的基础设施建设计划,展示城市未来的多种不同场景. 他们的模型显示,与其他发展项目相比,下水道服务的成本要低得多,基础设施紧凑, helping them decide to develop more compactly.[3] 犹他县可以采用类似的模式,即远离现有基础设施的地区将比邻近地区支付更高的下水道服务费用.


鼓励在现有市区内发展空置或未充分利用的土地

Who can implement this: 城市官员、社区、政府组织和开发商

犹他县市区的许多地块都是空置的或未充分利用的. 在城市边缘地区开发新项目之前,先开发这些地块, 越来越少的农业用地将受到商业发展的威胁. 重建城市中心和已经有人居住的地区对于维持十大彩票平台人在社区中所欣赏的生活质量至关重要. 市区重建可保护农地,并减少市区的枯萎, creating more appealing communities and street life. 再开发也是使城市更适合步行和交通便利的重要一步.

Implementation:

Redevelopment agencies in Orem and Provo (as well as any other urban area in Utah County) can provide tax incentives and loan programs to promote the reuse of vacant land parcels. 地方政府可以为未充分利用的地块的再开发提供其他激励措施.

  • 市议会应该考虑在还没有重建机构的地方建立重建机构. 应该鼓励和扩大再开发机构,以促进犹他县城市地区的地块再开发.
  • 重建机构应确定和标记未充分利用的地块进行重建. 这些包裹可以通过公共宣传或计算机生成的地理空间技术手工标记.
  • 政府机构应与私人发展商合作,根据社会需要发展土地. 这将有助于减少城市化地区边缘所需的开发数量, 将城市化和发展置于社区需求之上可能会威胁到农业用地和其他绿地的地方.

Examples:

十大彩票平台一些最大的城市有专门的重建机构,致力于减少枯萎病,并鼓励在其市政区内进行填充开发. The Salt Lake City Redevelopment Agency and the Provo Redevelopment Agencies are two of the state’s largest redevelopment organizations working to provide economic incentives to encourage infill development and administer programs, grants, and partnerships from city, state, 和联邦来源(如住房和城市发展部).[1] [2]

Envision十大彩票平台的城市规划工具质量增长包括土地再利用和填充开发一章. See Chapter 4: Reuse and Infill within that document.[3]

 


更新城市规划和分区实践以鼓励农业, 改变法规促进农业发展和更好地管理水资源

Who can implement this: State, county, and city officials; and communities

城市可以通过更新城市规划和分区实践来解决和鼓励农业和水资源管理问题,从而帮助保护当地农业. 因为农业是犹他县经济和遗产的主要组成部分, 具体解决农业和水问题可能会导致增加保护措施,并在城市规划中更加强调农业. 城市可以为农业经营提供重要的帮助, especially if, in their city plans, they make an effort to include farmers’ interests, preservation strategies, and other resources. 长期的区域和城市规划可以促进对应该为子孙后代保护的主要农田的识别.

Implementation

城市规划和分区实践在规划人员的自由裁量权下发生变化, planning commission, and city governments. In each city, these organizations should decide to support agriculture within their boundaries so that this strategy becomes a more multifaceted one that will need to be implemented by each city.

  • 犹他县及其各个城市应考虑在其总体规划中解决农业问题. If cities are encouraged to think about agriculture, preservation plans are less likely fall by the wayside.
  • City councils and planners 应该通过总体规划和土地利用规划鼓励农业发展吗. 市议会和规划者应该注意到保护农业的普遍愿望,并开始专注于更好地了解水资源管理.[1] 在制定或修改规划时,规划者应考虑以下几点:[2]
  1. Development trends, plans, 或者每个社区可能影响农业发展和保护的需求(包括人口增长), economic growth, housing stock, business development, environmental preservation, and more)
  2. Agricultural uses of land, 包括每个社区农民特有的关键农业专业
  3. Key agricultural resources, infrastructure, and facilities
  4. 对农业生产、加工、供应和流通的预期变化
  5. Goals for agricultural development in the community
  6. 增加非农业地区住房密度的方法
  7. 与农田保护有关的主要土地问题,以及解决这些问题的具体计划
  • 市议会和规划者应该更新他们的城市分区做法,鼓励更紧凑的发展,并增加对农业用地的支持. 这些做法保护了整个县的水和土地,并可以减少新住宅开发所消耗的农田数量.

Examples

Santaquin, Utah, 通过精心规划和考虑农业在该地区的重要性,已成为农业保护的区域领导者. 该市创建了一个专门用于农业的分区,以便允许在商业中不存在的特定保护, residential, or industrial zoning classifications.[3] [4] Private landowners, for example, 如果他们使用的是私人供水系统,就不需要连接到城市的供水系统, 这项豁免超越了传统的分区和开发实践,并降低了基础设施建设的成本. Santaquin also works with local farmers to promote agritourism and other commercial agriculture enterprises through official city marketing and annual agricultural celebrations.

Many Midwestern states have robust plans for farmland and agricultural preservation; aspects of these plans can be adopted by Utah County and its cities. Wisconsin, for example, 为各县制定自己的农田保护计划制定了全州指南, 允许各县通过加快关键的保护程序来拯救农田.[5] Iowa County, Wisconsin, 制定农田保护计划,实施全州指南中的策略, creating concrete, real world examples of some of the guide’s concepts.[6]


Accommodate More Growth on Less Land

Who can implement this: County and city officials, and developers

保护农业的最好办法之一是紧凑发展, 这样可以减少未开发土地(通常是农业用地或空地)和住宅灌溉用水的消耗, commercial, and office construction. Market trends indicate that there is a growing demand for compact development across the Wasatch Front; more dense development is currently in demand because it is more affordable and increases travel convenience.[1] 它还降低了住宅区基础设施和服务的成本,同时保留了农场和牧场的空间. 低密度住宅用地不能收回成本,需要1美元.11 in services for every dollar paid in taxes.

研究和调查显示,犹他县的房屋面积已从20世纪60年代的峰值下降[2] 城市可以延续这一趋势,将较小的地块划为新的住宅开发项目. As a result, 农场将能够继续在大片土地上经营,同时仍然允许该县适应人口和社区的增长.

To foster more compact growth patterns, 必须鼓励当前和现有城市地区的发展. 通过这样做,该县能够引导大部分发展远离主要的农业开放土地.

Implementation:

  • 城市应该避免在没有仔细考虑潜在的农业生产损失的情况下兼并土地.
  • 城市规划者应评估分区做法,并制定鼓励措施,支持更密集的发展形式 and redevelopment in urban areas.
  • 市议会和犹他县委员会应该制定法令,鼓励更紧凑的发展. 激励紧凑型开发将更好地激励开发商创造更密集的社区,并将使社区对居民来说更实惠.
  • 开发商应该顺应市场趋势,开发紧凑、适宜步行的社区 in urban areas, preserving open space and farmland. 更密集的开发导致更少的土地被开发消耗.

Examples:

Envision Utah的质量增长战略通过教育社区成员帮助减少了正在开发的土地数量, developers, and lawmakers about the benefits of compact development. In the 1990s, 到2020年,沿着瓦萨奇前线的发展趋势将消耗695平方英里的土地.[3] Instead, 紧凑型增长受到鼓励,现在到2020年,开发可能会消耗约494平方英里, saving 200 square miles of undeveloped land, including agricultural lands and open spaces.

十大彩票平台的Daybreak是该州最大的总体规划社区.[4] The development site for the city is on about 4,000 acres, and the community focuses on building compact, walkable development next to parks and open spaces. Daybreak was a result of carefully considered planning and coordination between developers and lawmakers and is an example of a community that consumes less land and that offers the benefits of being more walkable and livable than traditional development. 社区的受欢迎程度使南约旦成为全国发展最快的城市之一.[5]


确保城市增长发生在适当的地方,并在住房和农业用地之间建立缓冲

Who can implement this: State, county, and city officials

犹他县重要的农业用地正受到不断扩大的城市增长的威胁. To help preserve agricultural land and greenspace, 地方立法者应该鼓励在更适合发展的地方发展.

十大彩票平台已经通过禁止在非建制地区进行大规模开发来限制城市地区的扩张. 瓦萨奇前线的湖泊和山脉也是盐湖城和普罗沃-奥勒姆大都市区发展的自然边界. However, 人口增长和随之而来的发展需求给犹他县的许多自然资源和农业用地带来了压力. 对这些土地的额外保护可能是必要的,以减轻与人口增长有关的影响.

农业缓冲为典型的耕作方式提供了额外的空间,即使开发发生在农场作业附近. 开放空间缓冲区的目的是保护农场免受居民的滋扰投诉,并保护公众的健康和安全免受噪音的影响, dust, odor, pesticide use, 以及农业和牧场的正常活动.

When adopted through the land use review process, 缓冲区是法律规定的住所之间的分隔, schools, 以及其他可能与附近农业活动不相容的土地用途.[1] Agricultural buffers can help farms and residences coexist. Having legally mandated buffers to insulate farms reduces complaints and allows farms to operate more freely without having to worry about the impacts of day-to-day business on neighbors.

Implementation:

  • Individual cities must decide 他们希望在哪里进行大部分的城市发展,在什么上 发展密度最能满足其社区的需要. 农业缓冲区可能会在总体土地使用计划中实施,或者通过十大彩票平台不同司法管辖区的分区法实施.
  • 市议会和规划者应该审查和修订兼并法 以及其他影响未来城市发展可能发生的地方的法规,以确保它们符合社区需求和未来增长的预期结果.
  • 十大彩票平台县委员会应鼓励各城市在其居住区/商业区和农业区之间建立缓冲区 协助劝阻未来发展及防止滋扰投诉.

Examples:

The Cache Valley South Corridor Development Plan aims to guide the development of private and public land across the corridor that connects the Cache Valley cities of Wellsville, Nibley, and Logan.[2] 该发展计划包括开放空间缓冲,以保护农业用地,并保持该地区的农村感觉. The plan’s buffers are in line with the desires of the community and will help direct the inevitable development coming to the region in a way that preserves Cache Valley’s strong agricultural heritage.


建立税基分享计划,鼓励保护农业用地

Who can implement this: State, county, and city lawmakers

销售税是城市最大的收入来源之一. 销售税的很大一部分直接流入了征税产品销售的城市. As a result, 城市之间经常相互竞争以吸引零售商(百货公司), furniture stores, auto dealerships, etc.). 城市有时会划定商业区域,以期满足相应的零售发展需求, as expressed in the saying, “If you zone it, they will come.”

另一方面,农业被认为是一个城市最低的税收来源之一. 因为城市常常被误导,认为商业发展比保留土地用于农业更有利可图, 他们可能会受到诱惑,发展尽可能多的业务, often at the expense of farmland. 但城市也应该明白,农场需要的服务很少,因此可以降低基础设施成本, 而商业和住宅开发项目的维护成本更高. 农业所贡献的收入也超过了它所需要的支出.

Studies on the cost of community services done by the University of New Hampshire concluded that residential developments contribute less in revenue than they require in government expenditures. Farmland requires $0.在公共服务领域,每缴纳1美元的税收就需要缴纳37美元,而住宅用地则需要缴纳1美元.11 in services for every dollar paid in taxes.[1] 城市需要了解农业用地的价值与它们较低的公共服务成本之间的关系; though agricultural lands do not generate major tax revenue, 它们的维护和提供其他服务的成本更低,而这些服务往往被纯粹的经济分析所忽视.

One way to ensure that agricultural lands are better protected from tax revenue-based development would be to switch from a local tax revenue structure to a tax-base sharing program. 这种收入结构的变化将允许城市根据人口而不是城市商业开发的数量来分享区域商业税. As a result, 城市将能够更好地保护当地食品的供应,并减轻在农业用地上建设零售或住宅开发项目的压力.

税基共享计划将有助于城市之间的合作,并以有利于整个地区的方式行事, 而不是只关注自己社区的利益. Cities would be less likely to over-allocate commercial development and unnecessarily destroy farmland because they would be confident that they would receive some portion of the region’s taxes, regardless of what businesses they have. 改变税收结构也将使市场更有效地运作, 确保区域内零售额与实际需求更接近.

Implementation:

  • 州和市的立法者应该在全州范围内共同努力改变税收政策 这样一个以共享为基础的系统在他们的管辖范围内是合法可行的.
  • 城市应该共同合作,愿意分享他们的商业税收. 拥有大量零售业的城市必须愿意与零售较少的城市分享税收, 其他城市可能需要帮助支付与另一个城市零售相关的区域基础设施成本.
    • 税基共享可以作为犹他县的一种选择进行探索, 尽管这将是对现状的重大改变,可能需要对县和整个州进行独特的调整.
    • 首先需要仔细定义“区域”的构成, 然后,各地区需要紧密合作,分配资源和税收.

Examples:

双城地区(明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗)有一个创新的税基共享计划, known as the Fiscal Disparities Program. 这个由七个县组成的地区幅员辽阔,各社区共享的商业-工业税数额使该计划独具一格.[2]

With the support of the Metropolitan Council, 明尼苏达州立法机构于1971年创建了大都市区计划. 委员会决定,税基共享支持他们的目标:

  • Promoting orderly and efficient growth.
  • Improving equity.
  • Strengthening economic competitiveness.
  •  鼓励保护环境和提高宜居性的土地利用.

税基共享将工商业增长的财政收益扩散到整个地区, regardless of where properties exist in the metro area. 它还减少了工商业企业多的社区和工商业企业少的社区在财产税财富上的差异. 这些财富差异反映了工商业发展如何倾向于集中在区域基础设施和服务附近, such as highways, wastewater treatment, and transit.

从1975年开始,明尼苏达州立法机构制定了一项税基共享计划:

  • Share resources produced by the growth of the metro area.
  • 减少对税基的竞争,促进有序发展.
  • 在现有的地方政府和地方决策体制内开展工作.
  • 鼓励所有人为整个七县都市区的发展而努力.
  • 帮助处于不同发展和重建阶段的社区.
  • Encourage environmental protection.

How tax-base sharing works

Since 1971, 地方税收管辖区贡献了商业税收增长的40%, industrial, 公用事业财产税将被分配到整个地区共享的税基池. Local property tax administrators distribute the funds in the shared pool to communities based on their population and the market value of all property per person compared to the average market value per person for the metro area. 人均房产税低于平均水平的社区在整个地区的税基中所占的份额略大.